راحله الماس تاجیک سمرقند SAMARQAND i. History and Archeology Since the publication of the entry AFRĀSIĀB (EIr. I, pp. 576-78), new information has been brought to light on this archeological site and, consequently, on the history of pre-Mongol Samarqand. This progress is mainly a result of the activities of the MAFOUZ (Mission Archéologique Franco-Ouzbèke), which commenced in 1989 and continues to date. Concerning the foundation of the city, which resulted from the fortification of the plateau (already sporadically occupied in the Bronze and Early Iron Ages), a pre-Achaemenid date, between ca. 650 and ca. 550 BCE, seems now confirmed. The specific character of this first urban foundation stands out more clearly. A wall follows the whole circuit of the plateau (5.5 km), complemented by another one which separates the town from the acropolis, situated in the northern part and itself including a citadel raised on an artificial platform. These topographical-functional features were to last as long as the town was centered on this site. The existence inside Afrāsiāb of an artificial water supply through the Dargom channel (extending 40 km from the Zarafšān River), a branch of which entered through the southern gate, is archeologically confirmed for the Achaemenid period only; but it seems probable that it existed from the beginning. The wall, 7 m thick, is massive, in contrast to those which were built upon it in the city's Achaemenid and Greek periods. It is made of coarse <b>...</b>
گلمیره
gulmira
Rohila
Ulmasova
Rahila
tajik
samrqand
samrkand
samrghand
Ahmad
zhair
laili
laila
layli
alyli
jan
jon
shambnam
suraya
surayo
panjsher
varly
tajikistan
afghanistan
uzbakistan
farsi
tjiki
dari
songs
dushanbe
elaha
soror
mozhda
nigora
niga
